Formula: $$P = \sum_{t=1}^{T} \frac{C}{(1+r)^t} + \frac{FV}{(1+r)^T}$$
Where:
$C$ = Coupon Payment per period
$T$ = Total number of periods
$FV$ = Face Value
$r$ = Discount Rate / Yield per period
Model Interpretation
The bond price is the present value of all future cash flows (coupons + face value).
A higher discount rate lowers the bond price, and vice versa.
This formula is suitable for fixed-rate, non-callable bonds.
Key Assumptions
Coupons are paid at regular, known intervals.
Discount rate (yield) is constant over the bond's life.
No default risk or transaction costs are included.